Malcolm X His Voice in Poetry and Politics - Literature Essay Samples

In her poem â€Å"For Malcolm X,† Margaret Walker states â€Å"[t]he voice has gone† (1) on the death of the late Civil Rights activist and the leader within the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X. Malcolm X used his voice to influence millions of African Americans grasping for a shimmer of hope within the darkness, African Americans who lived lives where every day was a constant struggle for survival. These oppressed people subsisted in fear of the white men walking passed them on the streets, fearing that this may be their last day alive. For these people, Malcolm X was their champion. He gave these victims of continued prejudice a voice. He spoke out against the white men who led this country with the threat of violence. He inspired his people to fight back and take what was rightfully theirs with his dying breath, stating, â€Å"It’s got to be the ballot or the bullet† (Malcolm X 5). â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† by Malcolm X and â€Å"For Malcolm Xà ¢â‚¬  by Margaret Walker depict the rise of Malcolm X to the height of his greatness and his sudden plummet to martyrdom following his death. Through the power of his voice and the strength of his words, Malcolm X was cast as a harbinger for freedom, until he was gone and his followers were once again lost. â€Å"The Ballot or The Bullet† is Malcolm X’s call to arms, his omen to the white man for what is to come, his call to unite the African American people of the United States to take a stand against oppression. In his speech, Malcolm X states, That’s why, in 1964, it’s time now for you and me to become more politically mature and realize what the ballot is for; what we’re supposed to get when we cast a ballot; and that if we don’t cast a ballot, it’s going to end up in a situation where we’re going to have to cast a bullet. It’s either a ballot or a bullet (Malcolm X 7). African Americans listened to him speak and were inspired to take action themselves, based on his words. If white Americans were killing black Americans without repercussions, then why should black Americans be the only ones dying at the hands of racism? To put it in Malcom X’s own words, â€Å"[l]et your dying be reciprocal† (9). Under his blunt influence, the Black Panthers, a more violent Civil Rights activist group, was formed. As Walker states, he led his people â€Å"Out of the wilderness / Out of the carnage kingdom / Out of the mire† (2-5). Malcolm X led his people out of the fire. He led them to a better way of life, towards their rights and freedom. He inspired them to grow strong. He hardened them against the fear and hate of the nation. His voice taught them to be brave and powerful. Like Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt, Malcolm X led his black brothers and sisters out of the fear and oppression that had been inherited through generations of racism. However, once he was gone, that power, that bravery, that hardened soul all came crashing down. In â€Å"For Malcolm X†, Walker states: And without his eloquence We are mute And rocks and stones break in the soul The world winds On its frozen axis The dizzy oceans churn our pain. All needed storms abate Themselves. Moons freeze the rain. (5-12) As Walker sees it, African Americans lost their champion. They lost their voice. The hardness instilled upon them by Malcolm X, that resolve to no longer be afraid broke. To the African Americans of the country, it felt as if the Earth has frozen over, like all life had been sucked out of the world; however, their pain was visible. Their pain was tumultuous like a churning sea during a storm, tossing them about in thralls of intense emotion. Although their world as they knew it previously was crumbling, the white man continued to move forward with his racism and his hate. When Walker talks of storms abating, she is really saying that the progress they had made, all of the force and tension that Malcolm X had created towards white society, ceased with his death. The fight for the rights of black America had come to a standstill. The storms to come and movements he would have created could never come to light: â€Å"Uncle Sam’s hands are dripping with blood, dripping with the b lood of [another] black man in this country† (Malcolm X 10). The white man had killed yet another black man, thus delivering him away from the evil and cruelty of this world. However, Malcolm X, in his death, was transited from his earthly body to a position of martyrdom. His work lived on as his legacy, but he was no longer alive to continue that work. Black Americans had to carry on the progress that he had made, including those who did not believe in him during his life. Walker states: Gone. Delivered. So piteous there were The stolid and the dumb So piteous as not to mourn So piteous, so many The stolid and the dumb. Gone. Delivered. He has gone up, delivered. (13-20) On the basis of these words, the time had come for all members of Black America rise, to let their voices be heard and take a stand against their oppressors. All mourned the loss of their voice; however, they had to also find their own within this moment of loss. Malcolm X put his life on the line fighting for what he believed in and fighting for his people, which in turn meant that he had been delivered. He was now a martyr for the movement; he was the patron saint of the Civil Rights Movement. As penance for not believing in Malcolm X while he was alive, members of the black community had to now stand with their brothers and sisters. He gave them their voice, he showed them that there was hope, and he showed them that they no longer needed to live in fear of the white man. He began the work and blazed the trail, and now it was time for his followers to rise up. Walker is telling her fellow people that the time has come to fight and win what is rightfully theirs: their freedom. â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† by Malcolm X and â€Å"For Malcolm X† by Margaret Walker illustrate the need for a martyr in this movement for equality. These pieces show that in order for progress to be made and solidified the members of the movement must be willing to die for their cause. They cannot ignore what is happening around them until they have no choice but to see; they must wholeheartedly throw themselves in front of the firing squad and tell them that they are not afraid. They must prove to the world that their cause is worth dying for. He was able to unite his people even more after his death. Through this conception, by Malcolm X dying for his cause, he ultimately was able to propel the Civil Rights Movement farther into the right direction than he was able to do during his lifetime. Works Cited Malcolm X. â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet.† Congress of Racial Equality, 3 April 1964, Cleveland, Ohio, EdChange, http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/speeches/malcolm_x_ballot.html, 23 February 2017 Walker, Margaret. â€Å"For Malcolm X.† SOS—Calling All Black People: A Black Arts Movement Reader, edited by John H. Bracey, Sonia Sanchez, and James Smethhurst, University of Massachusetts Press, 2014, pp. 321.

The Bible States We Must Conserve and Respect Our Natural...

In Jeremiah (9:9-11), â€Å"Should I not punish them for this?† declares the Lord. â€Å"Should I not avenge myself on such a nation as this?† I will weep and wail for the mountains and take up a lament concerning the desert pastures. They are desolate and untraveled, and the lowing of cattle is not heard. The birds of the air have fled and the animals are gone. â€Å"I will make Jerusalem a heap of ruins, a haunt of jackals and I will lay waste the towns of Judah so no can live there.† Habakkuk (2:17), â€Å"The violence you have done to Lebanon will overwhelm you, and for your destruction of animals will terrify you. For you have shed man’s blood; you have destroyed lands and cities and everyone in them. In both cases, the punishment is that the land is†¦show more content†¦Making use of new technology and enhanced approaches farmers can upturn production and benefit, also improving soil quality and assuring habitats. Reducing the risks of food borne illness is to find out what is causing it. Origins of food borne illness are the bacteria or viruses contained in food. They accumulate after the food is assimilated causing illness or infection. Bacteria that cause food borne illness are everywhere so you have to be very careful. To maintain our food safe we can: keep it clean, keep it isolated, cook it, distribute it and store it. Washing your hands before dealing with food prevents food borne illness as well. Before you buy your product at the store check it very well for any problems. Making sure your area where you are preparing your food is well cleaned. The utensils you use to cook or eat with should be thoroughly cleaned. Being aware that the food you are cooking is thoroughly cooked. Imagine life were all on your mind was â€Å"When will I eat again†? or Will I make it through the night or day†?There should be a image pop up in our heads of all the food we waste everyday and the n remember the less fortunate people all over the world with no food. Every day we are adding on to world hunger by wasting food. The less we waste food the more lives we can save. Starvation is not only in Asia, Africa, it is everywhere even in the U.S. The money we waste on excess food could go to those underprivileged ones. The sourceShow MoreRelatedBiography Of Leopold s A Sand County Almanac Essay1571 Words   |  7 PagesLeopold’s writings tell us to pause for a moment to appreciate and conserve the beautiful world that surrounds us. Let us consider the two key words of the theme, appreciate and conserve. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word â€Å"appreciate† as to, â€Å"recognize the worth of† (â€Å"Appreciate†). 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Analysis of the Actions of Macbeth and Doctor Faustus...

Many scholars have debated whether the actions of Macbeth and Doctor Faustus in Shakespeare’s and Marlowe’s plays come from the characters themselves or whether they were following a predetermined fate. In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, each character’s destiny, or fate, seems to be predetermined by the supernatural and unpreventable by any actions meant to stop it from occurring. The concept of fate is a large component in many Aristotelian Tragedies, such as Macbeth. However, in the tragedy, The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of Doctor Faustus (commonly referred to as just Doctor Faustus), written by Christopher Marlowe, Faustus’s actions show a theme of free-will repeated throughout the play.†¦show more content†¦The three witches have often been compared to the three Greek fates, signifying that what they say will happen later in the play. The Witches ability to see into the future is first demonstrat ed when Macbeth becomes thane of Cawdor (Norns). The line, What? Can the devil speak true? (1.3.107) shows Banquos surprise at the realization of the witches’ prophecy. In Macbeth, fate causes events to come to pass by affecting many of the characters, not just Macbeth himself. Lady Macbeths uncontrollable greed helps spur on the action of Macbeth murdering Duncan, which makes him king. Without her urging Macbeth would not be able to attain that which fate had bestowed upon him (Harper). In fact, Macbeth first was inclined to leave whether or not he became king up to chance and states, â€Å"If chance will have me king, why, chance may crown me, without my stir† (1.3.10). But after Duncan names Malcolm the Prince of Cumberland, next in line for the throne, Macbeth decides to take a more active role in his destiny by proclaiming: The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step On which I must fall down, or else oerleap, For in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires; Let not light see my black and deep desires: The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be, Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see. (1.4.4-9) When Macbeth is on his way to murder Duncan to become king, he is beginning to have

Organized Crime Essay Example For Students

Organized Crime Essay Organized Crime Organized crime has always been occupied with a negative label. Perhaps this is due to the constantly changing environment in America as well as the social state of its homeland, Europe. Our society is convinced that the so-called Mafia is a family of pure criminals, pimps, and murderers. Whatever the opinion, there is no doubt that the Mafia played a big part in the history of America and the way Americans view crime today. The origins of the secret society known as the Mafia are believed to be as old as the 9th century (Mafia History). During the 9th century, the Mafias main purpose was to strengthen themselves against enemies, which invaded their homeland in Sicily. It was supposed to create a strong feeling of togetherness between all Sicilians. This idea of family was carried through in the structure of the organization, which had a strong hierarchical layout (Mafia History). The Mafia is said by many to have perhaps the best system of power, than any other group or government known today. One can compare a physical representation of the family almost to a family tree dated all the way back through many generations. Certain people operated the system, but without the help of the people with the less power, the Mafia would be very weak. To put it another way, a leader cannot lead without followers, and the followers cannot follow without leaders. This is why the Mafia was hard to overcome. Although when many think of the location of the Mafia, Chicago and New York often come to mind, but actually the Mafia has been traced back through 26 major cites in America. Within every city were many Mafia families each with its own government. At the head of each family stood the Dons or Bosses. Next in line to the Dons was the Underbosses, who were second in command. Followed by the Consigliere or counselors. And last were the men who did the dirty work for the Mob, the Soldiers. The Soldiers were the ones who would enforce discipline over both members and non-members through the use of intimidation, assaults, and murder (Living Large 3). All the members of the society were expected to go through a ceremony that often was compared to the baptism ceremony. The induction ceremony is the most important day of a mobsters life, the day that they become full members of La Cosa Nostra (Mafia Life). The ceremony for the newcomers was something that was looked forward to by all. The newcomer is told that the Mafia is a secret society and there is one way in and only one way out of it. You come in on your feet and you go in a coffin. Then the new members were asked if they were capable of even killing their own blood family on command (Mafia Life). Along with the ceremony, the mobster was told of the rules he must abide by. The most important rule in organized crime was the rule called the Omerta. The Omerta is a code of silence. A vow never to reveal any Mafia secrets or member under threat of torture or death (Mafia History). Another rule was the obedience rule. The obedience rule stated that the member must at all times be loyal to the boss or Don. A third law of the Mafia was the assistance to any befriended Mafia faction, no questions asked. A few others included, Avenge any attack on members of the family, because an attack on one was an attack on all, and the last rule was to avoid any and all contact with the authorities (Mafia History). There is still much we dont know about the Mafia due to the fact that the very first rule when inducted is the Omerta. Along with the many members involved with the Mafia, there were just as many ethnic families that existed if not more. Mafia families were growing very large in 1800s (Mafia History). .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .postImageUrl , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:hover , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:visited , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:active { border:0!important; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:active , .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u97a18c160f2ca622053d77570369bb4e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Death Of Outrage Essay The reason for the large swelling of crime in America was because of the vicious increase in foreign immigrants during that time in America. Three million Irish, four million Italians, and four million Jews immigrated to America. They immigrated for a number of reasons. Many of them dreamed of leaving behind their old worlds. Worlds of fear, depression and crime (Mafia Secrets). So along with these new immigrants came much crime as well which connected brought upon many ethnic gangs. Each gang had their own gang, there were several of them. Chinese, Irish, Jewish, and Italian gangs were all recognized at this time(Mafia Secrets). Every community gang was different in some way. Although Italians are considered the Mafia, the other ethnic groups have their own involvement in some way or another. The Italians were by far the biggest ethnic group, but they were not the only ones. The Irish were instrumental in putting together the system of organized crime(American History 260). The Irish were known as very obsessive gamblers who had control of nearly all racetracks and casinos in the early 1900s. As sportsmen, they invested money in racehorses and promoted racetracks. Throughout this time, organized crime.. may have reached its high point in the United States in terms of the proportion of the population that constituted customers and in terms of the impact upon local police and politicians (American History 260). The Italians, of course, already had their feet wet in America by their knowledge of the systematic ways of government for nearly 30 years in America and had control of almost every aspect of organized crime. The Italians remained with, socialized with, and committed crimes on other Italians within the Italian Community. The Italians were involved so deep in Crime that the Sicilian Mafia had so much power that the Sicilian Mafia has been linked to the highest levels of the Italian Government. Many other groups such as the Jews had much influence in the way we look at organized crime as well. The Jewish had been highly connected with America with an elaborate sense of knowledge gained in a short time. Each ethnic gang made up a small branch of its district which each city had many. Each district was a part of its ethnic group. Very powerful men who were respected by all of the districts soldiers, counselors, and captains led these groups. Each ethnic gang had its most high in command. In fact the Dons throughout history are single handedly responsible for all changes in the way business worked. Vito Cascio Ferro, (1862-1945), is believed to be the one man primarily responsible for establishing the communication between the Sicilian and U.S. Mafia (Family Tree). Ferro is considered the father of what we know as todays Mafia. His activities are not clear, but it was recorded that Don Vito was suspected in a brutal killing of at least one man. It was told that the man was trying to do business on his turf, which led to a very vicious death where the man was cut into tiny pieces and shoved into a box (Family Tree). Lucky Luciano was also very influential during his control of the Irish Mafia around the 1920s in America. After his hostile takeover, Luciano organized organized crime. He modernized the Mafia, shaping it into a smoothly run national crime syndicate focused on the bottom line (Time 100) Luciano was a millionaire because of his illegal distribution of alcohol and narcotics. He was later convicted and sentenced to 30 to 50 years in prison, where he soon died. Another famous mob boss who made a dramatic change in organized crime was Al (Scarface) Capone. Capone is perhaps the most famous and for a good reason. Scarface became the leader of one of the worlds largest crime families. The family numbered over 1000 members, and the majority of the 1000 were stone cold killers as well (Scaface). .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .postImageUrl , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:hover , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:visited , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:active { border:0!important; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:active , .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590 .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uac1e0cd4b6b90cbda4a3dda44e0a0590:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Catherine the Great of all Russia Essay Capone was involved in perhaps the most famous of all the Mob hits of all time, the St. Valentines Day Massacre, which changed the attitude of the public. Capone later, for a different crime, was arrested and sent to Alcatraz where he spent the rest of his life. How we know organized crime today has much to do with the way Hollywood has represented the Mafia. The worldwide image of organized crime has had a Made in America label since the 1930s (Mafia Image 1) Movies such as The Last Don, Little Caesar, and The God Father series are for how most of us know the way the Mafia works. Many people are convinced that the Mafia has been wiped out for the last twenty or so years. Much of the crime activity has decreased, however not all traces of the Mafia have disappeared, as we believe. There is still currently a mob family from Greek decent even in America today. And in the late 70s and early 80s, the Sicilian Mafia was found to be the culprit in one of the largest heroin smuggling rings in history (Crime Groups). Because of the Omerta, people have a hard time learning the current position of the Mob, and the Mafia is known for making comebacks in a hurry. For example, the highpoint of the Mafia was said to be in the 1920s, and slowly it decreased until the end of World War II when organized crime came back with much stronger than when the war started. This shows a good understanding of what the Mafia is capable of doing in short periods of time. The men who have tried to get rid of the Mafia time in and time out have made some progress. Responsible groups of Americans have, at times, waged campaigns in the media to obliterate any assumption that crime is dominated by people of Italian descent, claiming that existence of an American Mafia had not been fully established (Mafia Image). The opinions will differ in that sense. Some say that the Mafia is a vast organization that continues to grow in power, while others say that if the mafia still exists to this day, the old ways of organized crime will never be the same as it has been in this century. The desire, need, brutality, wisdom, and style of what we know as the Mafia only exists in books and movies. No matter the opinion, the Mafia still claims the place in American History if it still exists or not.

To What Extent Was Rome Responsible for the Punic Wars free essay sample

The responsibility for the Punic wars greatly shifts from one to the next as both Rome and Carthage were Superpowers in their own right and it was inevitable that there would be a collision and subsequent reaction from any action taken. This exhausting conflict was, according to Caven, a ‘contest in three rounds’ in which the Romans fought first for control of Sicily, then for the leadership of the western Mediterranean and finally to determine the survival or extinction of Carthage. By 270 Rome had conquered Italy and organised it into a confederation of Roman citizens and Latin and Italian allies. Polybius says that the Romans ‘Once having made themselves masters of Italy applied themselves to the conquest of countries further afield’ . This combined with the fact that the most populated parts of Italy were along the western side where the Dominant power was Carthage made it inevitable that Rome’s first contact in the Mediterranean would be with Carthage. We will write a custom essay sample on To What Extent Was Rome Responsible for the Punic Wars? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first of these three wars stemmed from a minor incident involving the town of Messana on the northeast tip of Sicily and the powerful city of Syracuse in the southeast of the island. The rest of the island was under Carthaginian influence. Although Syracuse and Carthage were on reasonably good terms at this stage the Carthaginians did not want to see Messana fall into Syracusian hands. This prompted the mamertines to be pushed out of Messana and become concerned that the Carthaginians might occupy Messana permanently. And so it was decided to seek an alliance with Rome which seemed ‘To offer better long term security than Carthage’ Although the relationship between Carthage and Rome at this point was cordial they decided to ally themselves with the Mamertines making themselves solely responsible for joining into a wider conflict with the Carthaginians. The acceptance of the mamertines into the Roman alliance forced the Syracusans and Carthaginians to co-operate in order to prevent Messana falling into the hands of the Romans and threatening their interests in Sicily. As far as Rome and Carthage were concerned, the war could have ended at this point. The romans had shown that they were prepared to protect the Mamertines, and Carthage had no reason to destroy them. The first Punic war was the classic example of an incident that got out of hand The first Punic War left Carthage greatly weakened. Rome now occupied Sicily, while the Mercenary War left Carthage vulnerable in Africa as well. The Carthaginian response was to send Hamilcar Barca, their undefeated general from Sicily, to Spain (c. 238-7 BC), where he was to greatly revive Carthages fortunes. In 266 Carthage signed a treaty with Rome agreeing not to interfere with matters north of the River Ebro. This agreement didnt cause any problems to either side at this point as Carthages Spanish lines were much further south, while Rome was not involved in Spain at all at this point. This implies that Rome felt she had the right to intervene in Carthages affairs even at a distance, something that was bound to annoy the Carthaginians. Hasdrubal was replaced in command in Spain the son of Hamilcar, who was elected by the army in Spain. Everything suggests that he was intent on war with Rome from the moment he came to power, a trait he inherited from his father’s complete hatred of all Romans (considered by Polybius to be one of the main causes of the second war). May historians have alluded to the possibility that Hannibals campaigns in Spain in 221 â€Å"can be seen as an attempt to capture more fertile lands to feed his army for an invasion of Italy† When the chance came to make the break with Rome, Hannibal seized it. By 220 the city of Saguntum, a long way south of the Ebro River, had allied with Rome. When a tribe allied to Carthage started to raid Saguntums territory, Hannibal sided with the allied tribe, and despite a direct warning from the Romans not to, he attacked Saguntum. This blatant act of hostility towards Rome through the breaking of agreed lands in the Ebro River treaty places the responsibility of the 2nd Punic war firmly with Carthage and more specifically Hannibal. By the time the Second Punic War had ended, Carthage was a mere shadow of its former power. However, Hannibal proved to be as good a chief magistrate as he was as a general, and soon Carthage recovered. However, Messinia, governor of Numidia and a strong ally of the Romans, was able to pick at Carthage until Carthage attacked Numidia in 150 BC, breaking the treaty that ended the Second War. The underlying cause of the third Punic war was the determination of Rome to dispose of the threat once and for all, which it perceived from Carthage, against which it had already won two wars. However, the official cause was violation of the peace treaty from the Second Punic War which made the Roman Senate, arbitrator of all border disputes involving Carthage, so that Carthage had to get approval from the Roman Senate before going to war. Rome then used its ally Numidia as proxy to harass Carthage, which eventually had to defend itself. This gave Rome a valid excuse to declare war and destroy Carthage, establishing Rome as undisputed power in the western Mediterranean. Rome declared open war on Carthage in 149 BC, and an army landed in Africa after a long blockade. Carthage surrendered, as they could not take the onslaught of Roman might. The Roman terms were bitterly opposed by Carthage, as they called for the physical destruction of the city. This was in no small part due to the constant calls of Cato the Elder, who ended each speech he made in the Senate with Carthago delenda est! (Carthage must be destroyed). Carthage managed to withstand a siege for 3 years before yielding and the city was destroyed. Rome emerged from this war utterly transformed. Prior to the war, Roman territory had been limited to Italy. After the war Rome had gained Spain, secured control over the Mediterranean islands, and seen her first direct involvement in Greece. The years immediately after the war also saw Rome gain control over large areas of Greece previously closer to Carthage rule.

Free Essays on Reawakening The Giant

â€Å"We need to reawaken this giant.† -Ronald Reagan. When Ronald Reagan entered office, the American economy was in a state of decline. Economists were doubting the American system of free enterprise, and some thought Russia’s command economy was the answer. The Keynesian school of thought figured that the economy had reached its limit and could advance no further.1 Reagan, however, knew otherwise and pursued his domestic policy of supply-side economics. In 1981 the country entered â€Å"The Era of Reaganomics† and experienced the longest era of economic expansion in peace-time ever–for any country in the history of the world.2 This paper will show how the Reagan Administration’s policies affected the economy of the 1980’s. Most people that knew him, inside aides and journalists, had great respect for Ronald Reagan. David Broder of the Washington Post said of Reagan, â€Å"One of the most remarkable demonstrators of Presidential leadership in modern history.†3 George F. Will, syndicated commentator, noted in 1992 that the world was better off than it was 10 years ago, and that Reagan was partly responsible.4 Insiders all spoke of how Reagan was the man in charge of the administration. Reagan was the man calling the shots, not some aide. The policies of the Reagan Administration were the policies of Reagan.5 Another point is that not only was he in charge, but he made things happen. Edwin Meese said of Reagan and the tax cut, â€Å"I am certain the tax reduction program would not have been adopted under any other President in recent memory.†6 The first thing that needs to be addressed about the economic history of the 1980’s is the relatively poor economy that Reagan inherited. There is still argument over whether the recession of 1981 to 1982 was Reagan’s fault.7 Some politicians and historians have claimed that the Administration caused the recession. However, Reagan’s fiscal policy did not go int... Free Essays on Reawakening The Giant Free Essays on Reawakening The Giant â€Å"We need to reawaken this giant.† -Ronald Reagan. When Ronald Reagan entered office, the American economy was in a state of decline. Economists were doubting the American system of free enterprise, and some thought Russia’s command economy was the answer. The Keynesian school of thought figured that the economy had reached its limit and could advance no further.1 Reagan, however, knew otherwise and pursued his domestic policy of supply-side economics. In 1981 the country entered â€Å"The Era of Reaganomics† and experienced the longest era of economic expansion in peace-time ever–for any country in the history of the world.2 This paper will show how the Reagan Administration’s policies affected the economy of the 1980’s. Most people that knew him, inside aides and journalists, had great respect for Ronald Reagan. David Broder of the Washington Post said of Reagan, â€Å"One of the most remarkable demonstrators of Presidential leadership in modern history.†3 George F. Will, syndicated commentator, noted in 1992 that the world was better off than it was 10 years ago, and that Reagan was partly responsible.4 Insiders all spoke of how Reagan was the man in charge of the administration. Reagan was the man calling the shots, not some aide. The policies of the Reagan Administration were the policies of Reagan.5 Another point is that not only was he in charge, but he made things happen. Edwin Meese said of Reagan and the tax cut, â€Å"I am certain the tax reduction program would not have been adopted under any other President in recent memory.†6 The first thing that needs to be addressed about the economic history of the 1980’s is the relatively poor economy that Reagan inherited. There is still argument over whether the recession of 1981 to 1982 was Reagan’s fault.7 Some politicians and historians have claimed that the Administration caused the recession. However, Reagan’s fiscal policy did not go int...

The Role and Tasks of Purchasing In Assuring Product Quality from Essay

The Role and Tasks of Purchasing In Assuring Product Quality from Suppliers - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that purchasing is critical to the effective management of material logistics. Positioned at the interface between the customer and the supplier, responsibility often falls on this function for managing the relationship between the customers and suppliers in the supply chain. The role of purchasing is a gateway to suppliers so that other business functions can communicate with counterpart within the supplier organizations. According to Garvin, there are eight basic elements of product quality. They are performance, features, reliability, conformance, durability, serviceability, aesthetics and perceived quality. What is quality Quality is defined as "conformance to requirements". To maintain a high quality standard of goods, supplier quality is of paramount importance. Purchasing has different meaning in different industries. This article first introduces different perspectives of purchasing in different industries. Then, the role and task o f purchasing in the abovementioned areas will be analyzed respectively. Examples are given in each area in the article. Purchasing has four objectives. They are right quality, competitive price, economic quantity and on-time delivery. Right quality refers to conforming specification requirement. For competitive price, there are two aspects. One is internal competition, the other is external competition. The former can be achieved by reducing the production cost. The latter is due to highly competitive market, with reference to price comparison, historical price, shipping and payment terms etc. Third, economic quantity is crystal clear that buying quantity must lead to a lower cost of the purchase. Cost of holding inventories and cost of not holding inventories are essential consideration. Cost of holding inventories and cost of not holding inventories are essential consideration. Last, on-time delivery is vital to a company as there are cost and price consequence. Normally, urgent o rder placement is more expensive than the regular placement as late delivery for urgent one might hold up production and incur cost penalty. The aim of purchasing varies in different industries. In manufacturing firms, purchasing of raw materials and components is for supporting production. For original equipment manufacturer (OEM), high cost in purchasing raw materials means it should transfer the burden to its customers or cut the production cost. Besides, quality of components counts. Quality-in-quality-out is of paramount importance. If there is defect in one lot of components and it is not discovered by the staff responsible for quality control, it would be disastrous. Quality of components affects the quality of production, and hence affects customer satisfaction. In government or public organization, purchasing is used to support user's need. For example, stationery is essential for every department in government. Purchasing, in this sense, means buying at a satisfactory qual ity with the lowest price. This can be achieved by formal tendering. According to Government Procurement Agreement, Hong Kong government has to go for an open tender for a purchase order of approximately over $1.3 million. In service sector, purchases have to match corporate image and business strategies. For a five-star hotel, the quality of commodity purchased is indispensable for its image.